Literature

Academic literature

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Trägårdh, L. (2010). Rethinking the Nordic welfare state through a neo-Hegelian theory of state and civil society. Journal of Political Ideologies, 15(3), 227–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569317.2010.513853

Tronto, J. C. (2013). Caring democracy: Markets, equality, and justice. New York University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qgfvp

Unterrainer, C., Weber, W. G., Höge, T. & Hornung, S. (2022). Organisational and psychological features of successful democratic enterprises: A systematic r review of qualitative research. Frontiers in Psychology, 13–2022, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.947559

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Selected policy and institutional sources

The references listed below represent a selective corpus of key policy documents, research reports, analytical studies, statistical publications, and institutional resources that informed the conceptual framework, literature review, and empirical work of the project. They are organised by source institution to facilitate navigation across the main bodies of evidence, including European Union institutions, the OECD, the International Labour Organization (ILO), and other relevant organisations active in the fields of social economy, social innovation, social inclusion, migration, and long-term care.

European Union institutions

AMIF. (2025). The Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF). European Commission. https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/funding/asylum-migration-and-integration-funds/asylum-migration-and-integration-fund-2021-2027_en

Carini, C., Galera, G., Tallarini, G., Chaves Avila, R., Sak, B., & Schoenmaeckers, J. (2024). Benchmarking the socio-economic performance of the EU social economy. European Commission. https://doi.org/10.2826/880860

Chaves, R., & Monzon, J. L. (2012). The social economy in the European Union. European Economic and Social Committee. http://www.eesc.europa.eu/resources/docs/qe-30-12-790-en-c.pdf

CIRIEC International. (2016). Recent evolutions of the social economy in the European Union. European Economic and Social Committee. https://www.eesc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/files/qe-04-17-875-en-n.pdf

ESPN (European Social Policy Network). (2018). Challenges in long-term care in Europe: A study of national policies. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=19857&langId=en

European Commission. (1992). Communication from the Commission: Towards a Europe of solidarity. Intensifying the fight against social exclusion, fostering integration. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/25c11180-664f-11e9-b6eb-01aa75ed71a1/language-en

European Commission. (2015). The social business initiative of the European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/14583/attachments/3/translations

European Commission. (2016). Flash Eurobarometer 438: The use of the collaborative economy. https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2123

European Commission. (2020). Social enterprises and their ecosystems in Europe: Comparative synthesis report. Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2767/567551

European Commission. (2021). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A long-term vision for the EU’s rural areas – Towards stronger, connected, resilient and prosperous rural areas by 2040 (COM(2021) 345 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52021DC0345

European Commission. (2021). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Building an economy that works for people: An action plan for the social economy (COM(2021) 778 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52021DC0778

European Commission. (2021). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: The European Pillar of Social Rights Action Plan (COM(2021) 102 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52021DC0102

European Commission. (2021). Building an economy that works for people: An action plan for the social economy. https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12743-EU-action-plan-for-social-economy_en

European Commission. (2021). The European Pillar of Social Rights Action Plan.  https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/european-pillar-social-rights-action-plan_en

European Commission. (2022). Communication on the European Care Strategy (COM(2022) 440 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52022DC0440

European Commission. (2022). A European care strategy for caregivers and care receivers. https://employment-social-affairs.ec.europa.eu/news/european-care-strategy-caregivers-and-care-receivers-2022-09-07_en

European Commission. (2022). Long-term care. https://employment-social-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies-and-activities/social-protection-social-inclusion/social-protection/long-term-care_en

European Commission. (2023). Council Recommendation on developing social economy framework conditions (COM(2023) 316 final). https://www.eumonitor.eu/9353000/1/j4nvke1fm2yd1u0_j9vvik7m1c3gyxp/vm3wlzw64cwu/v=s7z/f=/com(2023)316_en.pdf

European Commission. (2023). Relevant taxation frameworks for social economy entities (Commission Staff Working Document). https://social-economy-gateway.ec.europa.eu/document/download/7be23c52-ee85-4832-bfc4-849ff30c92c4_en?filename=Relevant%20taxation%20frameworks%20for%20Social%20Economy%20Entities%20-%20Staff%20working%20document%20%283%29.pdf  

European Commission. (2024). The long-term vision for the EU’s rural areas: Key achievements and ways forward. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52024DC0450

European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion. (2020). Social enterprises and their ecosystems in Europe: Comparative synthesis report: Executive summary. Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2767/05369

European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion. (2022). Portfolio of EU social indicators for the monitoring of progress towards the EU objectives for social protection and social inclusion: 2022 update. Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2767/595461

European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, European Social Policy Analysis Network (ESPAN), Ghailani, D., Durri, I., Merler, A., et al. (2026). Long-term care settings for older people: An analysis covering 38 European countries. Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2767/0696787

European Commission, Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion. (2025). European Pillar of Social Rights. https://employment-social-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies-and-activities/european-pillar-social-rights-building-fairer-and-more-inclusive-european-union_en

European Parliament. (2011). The role of mutual societies in the 21st century. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201108/20110829ATT25422/20110829ATT25422EN.pdf

European Platform for Rehabilitation. (n.d.). Social inclusion and independent living. https://www.epr.eu/our-expertise/social-inclusion-and-independent-living/

Gateway to Social Economy. (2025). In my country. https://social-economy-gateway.ec.europa.eu/my-country_en

Haarich, S., Holstein, F., Spule, S., Galera, G., Franchini, B., Borzaga, C., Chiomento, S., Spiess-Knafl, W., Scheck, B., & Salvatori, G. (2020). Impact of the European Commission’s Social Business Initiative (SBI) and its follow-up actions: Final report. Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2767/463497

OECD publications

OECD. (2023). International Migration Outlook 2023. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/b0f40584-en

OECD. (2023). Policy guide on social impact measurement for the social and solidarity economy. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/policy-guide-on-social-impact-measurement-for-the-social-and-solidarity-economy_270c7194-en.html

OECD. (2024). Insights from social and solidarity economy data: An international perspective. OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers, No. 2024/05. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/71d212f3-en

OECD. (2025). Social economy and social innovation: Country fact sheets. https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/sub-issues/social-economy-and-social-innovation.html

OECD/European Union. (2025). Labels for the social economy. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/f513fd53-en

OECD/European Union. (2025). Social economy in Europe: Contributing to competitiveness and prosperity. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/3432de93-en

International Labour Organization (ILO)

International Labour Organization. (2017). Public policies for the social and solidarity economy: Assessing progress in seven countries. https://www.ilo.org/publications/public-policies-social-and-solidarity-economy-assessing-progress-seven

International Labour Organization. (2018). Decent work and the social and solidarity economy: Issue brief. https://www.ilo.org/media/245646/download

International Labour Organization. (2019). Financial mechanisms for innovative social and solidarity economy ecosystems.  https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_emp/@emp_ent/@coop/documents/publication/wcms_728367.pdf

Other organisations

Charities Aid Foundation (CAF). (2024). World Giving Index 2024: Global trends in generosity. https://www.cafonline.org/docs/default-source/inside-giving/wgi/wgi_2024_report.pdf

ENAR – European Network Against Racism. (2024). Intersectionality of discrimination in the workplace: Building policies to address all inequalities. Fact sheet. https://www.enar-eu.org/fact-sheet-intersectionality-in-the-workplace/

Global Impact Investing Network. (2020). 2020 annual impact investor survey. https://s3.amazonaws.com/giin-web-assets/giin/assets/publication/research/giin-annual-impact-investor-survey-2020.pdf

World Economic Forum. (2022). Unlocking the social economy: Towards an inclusive and resilient society. https://www.weforum.org/publications/unlocking-the-social-economy-towards-an-inclusive-and-resilient-society-davos2022/